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The Formation of the Portuguese Colonial Empire

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​The book is a political history of the formation and expansion of the Portuguese Empire, beginning with the discovery and colonization of the Atlantic islands (the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, and the Cape Verde Islands) in the 15th century and continuing with Portuguese expansion in West Africa, East Africa, India and the Indian Ocean, the Far East, and Brazil in subsequent centuries. It discusses Portugal's rivalry with the Ottoman Turks for the control of trade routes to the Far East, its remarkable achievement in the 16th century of establishing effective control over the Indian Ocean, and the period of decline that began in the next century as a result of rivalries and wars with other European powers, notably the Dutch and the Spanish, as well as losses to powerful local actors such as the Arabs of Oman and the Mahrattas, or Marathas, of India. 

 

ASI E-Library

 

A Place for Study, Research, and Inquiry

The American Saudade, Inc. E-Library is being developed as an educational and research center for people who want to study maritime history, Portuguese and Cape Verdean heritage, the Atlantic world, and the many forces that shape human events.

 

It will not be merely a digital shelf of books.

 

The E-Library will bring together books, articles, historical documents, photographs, maps, oral histories, archival collections, videos, lectures, bibliographies, museum resources, and carefully selected links to reliable external collections. Its purpose is to encourage curiosity, preserve knowledge, support independent research, and help visitors examine subjects from multiple perspectives.

 

The collection will continue to grow as ASI develops new partnerships, receives community contributions, conducts historical research, and documents the Great Circle Heritage Voyage.

Guided by 360 Deep™

 

The E-Library is organized around the philosophy of 360 Deep™.

A magnifying glass allows us to study a particular detail: a person, document, photograph, vessel, decision, or historical event.

 

A prism reveals the larger forces surrounding that detail.

 

To understand history responsibly, we need both.

The E-Library will therefore encourage visitors to examine subjects through the ten interconnected lenses of 360 Deep:

  1. History

  2. Politics

  3. Economics

  4. Environment

  5. Culture

  6. Religion and belief

  7. Technology

  8. Military and maritime strategy

  9. People and human motivation

  10. Geography and trade routes

 

A resource about a packet ship, for example, may also reveal information about migration, family separation, commerce, weather, navigation, colonial government, language, class, and cultural identity.

 

A photograph of a Merchant Mariner may lead to questions about war, logistics, labor, race, citizenship, military supply, family life, and recognition of service.

 

The E-Library will help visitors make those connections.

 

Areas of Study

 

The developing collection may include resources in the following subject areas.

 

Portuguese Maritime History

  • Early navigation and shipbuilding

  • Prince Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese maritime expansion

  • Atlantic exploration

  • The Azores and Madeira

  • Portuguese fishing and merchant traditions

  • Naval and maritime history

  • Migration to the United States

  • Portuguese communities in New England

 

Cape Verdean Maritime History

  • The settlement and development of Cabo Verde

  • African and European influences

  • Colonialism and Portuguese administration

  • Enslavement and the Atlantic slave trade

  • Whaling and packet vessels

  • Drought, migration, and diaspora

  • Cape Verdean seafarers in New England

  • Independence and postcolonial identity

  • Language, music, religion, and cultural traditions

 

Atlantic History

  • Atlantic islands and sea routes

  • Exploration, empire, and colonization

  • Indigenous encounters and displacement

  • Enslavement and forced migration

  • Trade, commerce, and economic development

  • Missionary activity and religious exchange

  • Navigation, cartography, and ocean science

  • Maritime law and international relations

  • Ports, harbors, and coastal communities

 

Working Mariners

  • Whaling

  • Packet trade

  • Offshore fishing

  • Commercial diving

  • Shipbuilding and ship repair

  • Tugboats, ferries, and coastal shipping

  • Engineers, deck officers, and unlicensed mariners

  • Women in maritime industries

  • Life at sea and maritime family life

  • Oral histories from retired and active mariners

 

The United States Merchant Marine

  • Merchant Marine service during World War II

  • Liberty and Victory ships

  • Convoys and wartime logistics

  • Korean War and Vietnam-era shipping

  • Cold War maritime operations

  • Desert Shield and Desert Storm

  • Sealift, humanitarian relief, and commercial shipping

  • Merchant Marine training, licensing, and labor

  • Mariners who are still serving at sea

 

Maritime Safety and Engineering

  • Vessel design and construction

  • Marine propulsion and engineering

  • Electrical and renewable-energy systems

  • Navigation and communications

  • Weather and ocean routing

  • Search and rescue

  • Damage control and emergency preparedness

  • Human factors and risk management

  • Offshore seamanship

  • SubSafe to SailSafe™

 

Culture, Identity, and Diaspora

  • Family histories and genealogy

  • Immigration and assimilation

  • Language and Creole development

  • Music, literature, food, art, and faith

  • Race, nationality, and identity

  • The relationship between homeland and diaspora

  • Memory, saudade, and belonging

  • Intergenerational cultural preservation

 

Geography, Environment, and the Ocean

  • Atlantic winds and currents

  • The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic circulation

  • Island geography and volcanic formation

  • Weather, drought, and climate

  • Fisheries and marine resources

  • Environmental change

  • Ocean conservation

  • The relationship between geography and human settlement

 

Sources and Standards

The E-Library will distinguish among different kinds of sources.

 

Primary Sources

Materials created during the period being studied, including letters, photographs, maps, ship logs, government records, newspapers, oral testimony, seaman’s documents, and personal papers.

 

Secondary Sources

Later works that analyze or interpret primary materials, including scholarly books, journal articles, documentaries, biographies, and museum publications.

 

Community Sources

Family photographs, personal memories, interviews, privately held documents, and stories contributed by mariners and diaspora members.

 

Reference Sources

Timelines, encyclopedias, dictionaries, vessel registers, bibliographies, databases, archival guides, and institutional collections that help researchers locate additional information.

 

Whenever possible, E-Library records should identify the author or creator, title, date, publisher or institution, source type, relevant subjects, and location of the original material.

 

Evidence, Interpretation, and Disagreement

 

History is rarely contained within one source.

 

Documents may be incomplete. Memories may differ. Governments, institutions, historians, and families may interpret the same event differently. Older publications may reflect assumptions or prejudices from the period in which they were written.

 

The E-Library may therefore include credible resources that disagree with one another.

Inclusion does not necessarily mean endorsement.

 

Visitors should ask:

  • Who created this material?

  • When was it created?

  • Why was it created?

  • What evidence does it use?

  • Whose perspective is represented?

  • Whose voice may be missing?

  • Is the statement a fact, an interpretation, or an opinion?

  • Can the information be verified through another source?

 

ASI will seek to distinguish documented evidence from interpretation and clearly identify uncertainty or disagreement when it is relevant.

 

Preserving Community Knowledge: Some of the most important historical material may never have appeared in a published book. It may be stored in a family album, an old sea chest, a desk drawer, or a box of papers inherited from a relative.

 

ASI invites families, veterans, active mariners, fishermen, educators, historians, and community members to contribute information about materials that may belong within the developing E-Library or Family Albums.

 

These materials may include:

  • Family photographs

  • Oral histories

  • Letters and postcards

  • Seaman’s papers and licenses

  • Merchant Marine records

  • Ship photographs

  • Logbooks and journals

  • Immigration documents

  • Maps and charts

  • Newspaper clippings

  • School and church records

  • Fishing and whaling records

  • Stories from those still working at sea

 

Contributors should retain their original materials. Clear digital copies or scans should include, whenever possible, the names of the people shown, vessel name, location, approximate date, occupation, related event, and the contributor’s permission for use.

 

Copyright and Responsible Access

The E-Library will respect copyright, privacy, ownership, and contributor permissions.

 

It may provide:

  • Original ASI educational material

  • Public-domain works

  • Materials shared with permission

  • Descriptions and citations

  • Short lawful excerpts

  • Links to authorized institutional collections

  • Reading lists and bibliographies

  • Information about where books or documents may be accessed

 

The E-Library will not assume that a work may be copied or republished simply because it can be found online.

Its purpose is to guide people toward knowledge while respecting the people and institutions that created, preserved, or own the material.

 

A Library That Will Continue to Grow

The ASI E-Library is a developing project.

 

Future additions may include searchable subject collections, historical timelines, digital exhibitions, recorded lectures, interviews, educational guides, vessel records, maps, recommended reading, research questions, and resources created through ASI’s Education programs.

 

Materials gathered during the Heritage Voyage may eventually connect specific ports, islands, museums, families, vessels, and historical events through a shared digital record.

 

The E-Library will complement the ASI Bookstore, but the two serve different purposes. The Bookstore can recommend or offer mission-related publications, while the E-Library provides the broader research framework, citations, archival pathways, and educational context.

 

Enter with Curiosity

The E-Library will not tell visitors that every question has one simple answer.

It will invite them to investigate.

Study the evidence.
Compare sources.
Examine context.
Recognize competing perspectives.
Separate fact from interpretation.
Remain willing to revise a conclusion.

Use the magnifying glass to discover the details.

Then use the prism to understand the forces surrounding them.

Read deeply. Research carefully. Question responsibly.

That is the purpose of the ASI E-Library.

 

The principal associated links are:

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Cape Verde Islands - Free e-Book

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The book covers physical and political geography, political history, social and political conditions, and economic conditions. The section on geography provides brief sketches of the 14 islands and islets that make up the archipelago, the largest of which is San Thiago (present-day Sao Tiago or Santiago). The population, consisting mainly of the descendants of former slaves imported from the African mainland and a small number of Portuguese, is given as 149,793 (1916). The economic section notes the importance of the ports of Mindello on San Vicente Island (present-day Sao Vicente) and Praia on Santiago as coaling stations for vessels on the main shipping routes between Europe and Brazil and between North America and West Africa. In 1913, a total of 3,402 ships entered the ports of the archipelago, of which 1,414 were steamships and 1,988 sailing vessels. San Vicente was also the nexus of undersea cables connecting Europe with the Azores, South Africa, and South America. The major agricultural exports were coffee and the oily seeds of the purgueira plant, used as a lubricant and in making soap. World Digital Library.

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The Cape Verde Islands - Pilot guides--Cabo Verde 

Created / Published

  • Washington, Govt. print. off., 1873.

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